Knoppix Remastering Howto Italiano


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Questa e una guida che illustra come eseguire il remaster della KNOPPIX. (Note: I comandi appaiono in una riga, massimalizate il Vs. Browser per una corretta lettura. Se avete commenti/suggerimenti uaset il post sotto.)

Potete intanto cominciare da una versione di Knoppix già su misura, in modo da non dovete fare tan lavoro (vedendo quali programmi rimuovere). In caso affermativo, vedete Knoppix Customizations.

Contents

Sistema Richiesto

  • CD-ISO
    • Almeno 1 GB di RAM+Swap liberi (esempio: 256M RAM, and 750M SWAP Disponibili) (unless you use a different compression program - look in this page for compressloop)
    • 3 GB di filesystem Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.) liberi in una partizione formatata
  • DVD-ISO
    • 5 GB RAM + swap libera (per un DVD a dimensione completa)
    • 15 GB di filesystem Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.) liberi in una partizione formatata

Istruzioni

Settaggio per il Remastering

  1. Boot di una qualunque Knoppix CD
  2. aprite un terminale e andate in root o aprite un terminale in root shell:
    • Menu: Kmenu->Knoppix->Root Shell
    • Note: tutti i comandi sotto vanno eseguiti in root shell.
  3. Configurate la vostra connessione Internet (ne avremo bisogno sucessivamente). se usate il DHCP, dovete avere una rete che vi da tale supporto ( router, DHCP server,ecc....).
    • Note: Eseguite il comando ifconfig per una verifica.
  4. Trovate la partizione che volete usare per lavorare. In questo esempio si usa un disco hda1 . La partizione deve avere un minimo di 3 GB di spazio libero
  5. Mountare la partizione con il comando:
    • mount -rw /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
    • Note: accertatevi che sia in read/write oppure incorrete in errore quando dopo usate la chroot. Per Verificare: eseguite mount
  6. Create una root directory per lavorare -- Se voi mettere qui i vostri file poi potete cancellarli facilmente
    • mkdir /mnt/hda1/knx
  7. Se il Vs.PC non ha almeno 1 GB RAM ( egrep "(MemTotal|SwapTotal)" /proc/meminfo && echo "(physical+swap)" ) Allora avete bisogno di una SWAP creata su un swapfile:
cd /mnt/hda1/knx
dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1M count=750
mkswap swapfile
swapon swapfile
  1. Costruite 2 directori, uno per il vostro nuovo Master CD, uno per sourgente, nella vostra partizione. Create le directori come sotto con il nome KNOPPIX:
    • mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX
    • mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
  2. Ora, copiate i KNOPPIX del vostro live CD nella directori sorgente :
    • cp -Rp /KNOPPIX/* /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
    • Note: Questo richiede un lungo tempo (state copiando circa 2GByte). ATTENZIONE: sarete tentati di sostituire questo ordine di copia con una procedura molto più veloce: il risultato genera un indice vuoto. Tuttavia, a partire da Knoppix 4.0.2, vi è un bug nei unionfs che rende questa procedura più veloce si ma con perdita di dat. Per ora, copiate il comando ed usatelo cosi come si trova.
  3. In Aggiunta, copiare la cartella di 'boot' dal vostro cdrom - abbiamo bisogno di queste informazioni per creare la ISO image del CDROM verso la fine.
    • cp -ar /cdrom/boot /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot
  4. Per la Knoppix 5.0.1 dovete avere la copia della cartella che contiene i 'modules':
    • cp -ar /cdrom/KNOPPIX/modules /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/.
  5. Copia le main page HTML dello startup:
    • cp /cdrom/index.html /mnt/hda1/knx/master/
  6. Copiare tuuto il resto dei file circa ~700 Mb di KNOPPIX file.
    • < 3.4:
      • cd /cdrom/KNOPPIX && find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents '{}' /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ \;
    • >= 3.4:
      • cd /cdrom && find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents '{}' /mnt/hda1/knx/master/ \;
    • Per la versione in DVD usete -size -15000k e copiate la cartella KNOPPIX2 come sotto qui:
      • cp /KNOPPIX2 /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
  7. Preparate gli environment di ambiente per attivare il chroot
    • mount --bind /dev /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
    • mount --bind /proc /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/proc
  8. Ora potete entare in "chroot" nella copia di KNOPPIX:
    • chroot /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
  9. Se vedete errori dei /dev/null, datte uno sguardo alla guida common problems nella apposita sezione

Ora siete in chroot . "/" che si trova in "/mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX"

Lavorare in Chroot Environment

Ricordate che qualunque cosa voi facciate o modficate in chroot viene concretizzato nel CD. Se fate cambiamenti fatevi una nota che vi aiuta a capire quale variazioni avete apportato ( configurazione, desktop, file di sistema, script, eccc...) prima della masterizzazione.

Accesso a Internet

Per usare internet avete bisogno di editare /etc/resolv.conf per aggiungere il nome del Server Dns del Vs. Provider o della Vs. rete oppure uscite dal chroot e copiate il resolv.conf nella cartella di chroot:

cp /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf

(proxy (nel caso ne abbiate uno sulla Vs.Rete): digitate "export http_proxy=http://your.proxy.com:<port>")
Per controllare la vostra connessione internet in chroot,

ping google.com

(se l'ICMP e filtrato dal vostro firewall potete fare una verifica del funzionamento di internet con "lynx http://www.google.com" e verificate se riceve la pagina dopo avere risposto "allow" alla richiesta di accettare i cookie)

Accesso SMB (Samba o Domini Windows)

Cambiate smb.conf con il vostro gruppo MS se avete bisogno del supporto smbd (MSHOME, DOMAIN e XP Home sono usaualmente con WORKGROUP per Windows 9x i nomi di gruppo usati, consultate il Vs. control pannel di una stazione Windows con l'icona "Sistema").

Accesso APT ( repositor di aggiornamento e upload pachetti)

Update your package list with apt-get update.

Note: If 'apt-get update fails with "FATAL -> Could not set non-blocking flag Bad file descriptor", you need to make sure your chrooted environment is mounted without the "nodev" option. (see above where it talks about the /dev/null errors when entering the chroot environment for the first time)
Warning: apt-get upgrade is a BAD IDEA. It will, quite probably, render your KNOPPIX remaster unbootable, or broken in some way. A far safer method is to only upgrade packages as necessary.

Note: If apt-get fails with "Dynamic NMap ran out of room" you might try this little gem, which fixed the problem for me:

#echo 'APT::Cache-Limit "25168524";'>> /etc/apt/apt.conf

(I did this while chrooted as described above.)

Before you can add stuff, you will probably need to remove some packages. To get a list of packages installed, type this:

dpkg-query -l

If you are looking for big installed packages then the command

dpkg-awk "Status: .* installed$" -- Package Installed-Size | \
  awk '{print $2}' | egrep -v '^$' | xargs -n2 echo | \
  perl -pe 's/(\S+)\s(\S+)/$2 $1/' | sort -rg

will list the packages with size in descending order.

At least ten times faster is the command

dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n

and you don't need dpkg-awk or awk or perl; however it does not exclude packages that are not installed. If you have trouble with the above sort command, try using KPackage, expanded all the trees and sorted by the size column to find big packages.

Or, you could use this command to get the qpkg-query speed with the non-installed packages not listed:

dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package} ${Status}\n' | grep -v deinstall | sort -n | awk '{print $1" "$2}'

It does the same thing as above, I assume. I couldn't get the first one to work because I don't have dpkg-awk.

To remove a package (and all packages dependant on it), type this:

apt-get remove --purge name-of-package-to-remove

To check for orphaned packages, type this:

deborphan

Want to save more space by getting rid of those pesky orphans (how cruel!), type this (Warning, you won't be prompted yes/no to remove these packages. When you press Enter after this command, those packages will be gone):

deborphan | xargs apt-get -y remove

If you're uncertain about the previous command and want to see what will happen without making any changes, just add the -s option to the apt-get command like this (you can do this with all of the apt-get commands, and it's a good habit to use this option before mass operations like this one):

deborphan | xargs apt-get -s -y remove

Now the good stuff. If you wish to add a package, type this:

apt-get install 'name-of-package-to-install

What, don't know what packages to install? Type this. When the list appears, you can peruse (over 13k lines!) or search for things using /search-term:

apt-cache search .* | sort | less

When you're done removing and adding packages, a good way to clean up is by typing this

COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P

Also, because the Debian package system keeps a cache of downloaded packages, you may want to run the following to clear out those spare files:

apt-get clean

Settaggio degli utenti

User settings are in /etc/skel. This directory will be copied to make new user home directories.

tip: don't put files in /root they will be only available (at runtime) in /KNOPPIX/root

Note that the default user 'knoppix' is not created by adduser(1), thus /etc/skel is not copied completely but rather selectively. That is, to make a file .xyrc appear in /home/knoppix, it is not sufficient to place it in /etc/skel. One possibility is to extend the code in /etc/X11/Xsession.d/45xsession which is responsible for filling /home/knoppix.

AutoEsecuzione programmi

When you want to autrun some programs, one can create a script and put it in the directory /etc/rc5.d/ (This only loads items before X loads). Read up on the SysV init process for more possibilities.

For X-programs consider /home/knoppix/.kde/Autostart but this may transfer form /etc/skel/.kde/Autostart on boot--12.106.237.2 18:08, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Edit del KNOPPIX auto-configuration script

You can find a lot of interesting information about how KNOPPIX auto-configures you system by looking in the /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig script. Of particular note are the following.

Cambire la default KDE background image

L'auto-script di configurazione di default imposta l'immagine di sfondo di KDE per essere un'immagine caricata da CD-ROM. Un'immagine che è possibile modificare facilmente quando si rimasterizzazione KNOPPIX.

    • In KNOPPIX 3.3 e precedenti la trovate /cdrom/KNOPPIX/background.gif
    • In KNOPPIX 3.4 e successive la trovate /cdrom/KNOPPIX/background.jpg

Editare i file di autoconfigurazione di floppy e CD-ROM

The auto-configuration script sets up both your CD-ROM and your floppy disk. The commands for doing this are 'floppyconfig' and 'cdromconfig', respectively. The auto-configuration script will also run cdrom/KNOPPIX/knoppix.sh, which is an easy script to change when remastering KNOPPIX.

Cambiare i parametri del boot alla partenza

All boot parameters obtain default values from the /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig script. This is one massive BASH script (you best know your BASH to play with this), but it is the place that you can edit any of the default boot parameters. For example, to switch from 'kde' to 'twm' as default desktop just search for the place where 'kde' is provided as default value (variable DESKTOP, IIRC). Another example would be changing the default language can be changed.

Note, if you are interested in changing the default language KDE uses, the easiest thing to do is to load KDE, instructions are below, and use the KDE configuration utility to select your language of interest.

Configurazione delle sessioni X

When working with X-based programs you will have to make sure that your display is set appropriately. You can do this manually when remastering KNOPPIX. Also, two scripts related to X Session is where you can change or disable the startup and shutdown sounds.

Start dei programmi della interfaccia X

Quando testate i programmi basati su X voi dovete avere attivato le variabili di ambiente

export DISPLAY=localhost:0.0

Questo consente di connettere le vostre applicazioni alle sessioni del server X. In alternativa (se avete lda testare il windows manager),Potete creare un successiva sessione X. Fuori da chroot, eseguite

Xnest -ac :1

All'interno di chroot, Settate così le variabili di ambiente

export DISPLAY=localhost:1

Indicazioni interessati le trovate in /etc/init.d/xsession :

  • Potete personalizzare il background modificando /usr/local/lib/knoppix.gif

Modifica/Disattivazione del sound alla partenza

Il suono alla attivazione di X è eseguito mediante le indicazioni presenti in /etc/X11/Xsession.d/45xsession. Potete disattivare il suono commentando le linee seguenti nello script.

playsound(){ 
# Play sound if soundcore module present (checking /dev/sndstat is unreliable)
# OGGPLAY=/usr/bin/ogg123
# PLAY=/usr/bin/wavp
# [ -x "$PLAY" ] || PLAY=/usr/bin/play-sample
# [ -x "$PLAY" ] || PLAY=/usr/bin/play
# if [ -x "$OGGPLAY" -a -f /usr/share/sounds/startup.ogg ]; then
# case "$(lsmod)" in *sound*) { $OGGPLAY -q -p 64 /usr/share/sounds/startup.ogg >/
# elif [ -f /usr/share/sounds/startup.wav -a -x "$PLAY" ]; then
# case "$(lsmod)" in *sound*) { $PLAY /usr/share/sounds/startup.wav >/dev/null 2>&
# fi
}

Modifica/disabilita il suono in shutdown

Il suono allo shutdown ( spegnimento) è eseguito mediante le indicazioni presenti in /etc/init.d/xsession. Potete disattivare il suono commentando le linee 210-220 nello script.

## Play informational sound if soundcore module present
## (checking /dev/sndstat is unreliable)
#OGGPLAY=/usr/bin/ogg123
#PLAY=/usr/bin/wavp
#[ -x "$PLAY" ] || PLAY=/usr/bin/play-sample
#[ -x "$PLAY" ] || PLAY=/usr/bin/play
#if [ -x "$OGGPLAY" -a -f /usr/share/sounds/shutdown.ogg ]; then
#case "$(</proc/modules)" in *sound*|*snd_*) { $OGGPLAY -q -p 64 /usr/share/sound
#elif [ -f /usr/share/sounds/shutdown.wav -a -x "$PLAY" ]; then
#case "$(</proc/modules)" in *sound*|*snd_*) { $PLAY /usr/share/sounds/shutdown.w
#fi

Cambiare il windows manager di default

Aprire /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig e guardare o trovate la linea qui sotto:

# Allow only supported windowmanagers                                           
# Actually, this check is useless because it's done again in 45xsession. -KK    
# case "$DESKTOP" in gnome|enlightenment|kde|larswm|xfce|xfce4|lg3d|ratpoison|blackbox|openbox|windowmaker|wmaker|icewm|fluxbox|twm|nx|rdp|kiosk) ;; *) DESKTOP="kde"; ;; esac                                                                  
[ -n "$DESKTOP" ] || DESKTOP="kde"                                          

Cambiate "kde" tra gli apici della vostra interfaccia preferita, per esempio ( gdm, fluxbox, twm, ecc...).

Cambiare la grafica al boot, il messaggio di boot, e gli script di start

Qunado siete in ambiente chroot potete cambiare facilmente il boot message, la grafica al boot e lo sfondo della grafica KDE.

Cambiare la grafica del boot

La Grafica di boot e' la prima immagine quando il CD/DVD partono. It looks similar to ASCII art and it is normally something flashy that says 'Knoppix'. You can change this to be any graphic that you please, but you must use a 640x400 graphic that has only 16 colors.

  1. Change to the /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot directory. Swap '/mnt/hda1/' for whatever disk you are using.
    • cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot/isolinux
  2. Back up your old logo in case you break things.
    • mv logo.16 logo.16.backup
  3. Make a 640x400 pixel 16 color graphic and save it as a GIF, e.g. 'logo.16.gif'. GIMP can easily do this. Note, you can use a graphic that originally had more than 16 colors, but it is critical that you conver the graphic to 16 colors before doing the next step.
  4. Convert the GIF to lss16 using the tools included on the Knoppix CD.
    • giftopnm < 640x400x16.gif > logo.ppm
      
ppmtolss16 <logo.ppm > logo.16

Cambiare il messaggio di boot

The 'boot message' is the message that you see under the 'boot graphic' on the initial screen when the Knoppix CD or DVD loads. It normally says something along the lines of Knoppix with the version number and includes a link to the Knoppix website. You can change this text to be whatever you please, but you shouldn't add too much text or it will make the boot screen look funny. Restricting yourself to a singly line of text that is no larger than the default one is a good idea.

  1. Change to the /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot directory. Swap '/mnt/hda1/' for whatever disk you are using.
    • cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot
  2. Back up your old message in case you break things.
    • cp boot.msg boot.msg.backup
  3. Edit the message with a text editor. You'll see at the top of the message that it shows the graphic. Don't change this text, just the line under.
    • vi boot.msg

Cambiare lo script di startup

The 'startup script text' is the text that you see after the initial boot screen, while Knoppix loads and configures your system. You can change as much of this text as you please. You can even add addition lines to the script; however, it is recommended that you don't play with this file. Limiting yourself to editing the 'Welcome to KNOPPIX' message is a good idea.

  1. Change to the /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot directory. Swap '/mnt/hda1/' for whatever disk you are using.
    • cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master/boot/isolinux
  2. Back up your old minirt.gz in case you break things.
    • cp minirt.gz minirt.gz.backup
  3. Uncompress minirt.gz
    • gunzip minirt.gz
  4. Make a temporary directory to mount the minirt filesystem.
    • mkdir todelete
  5. Mount the minirt filesystem as an ext2 filesystem.
    • mount minirt todelete -t ext2 -o=/dev/loop0
    or if the above does not work use
    • mount minirt todelete -t ext2 -o loop
  6. Edit the linuxrc script to display the message you want. You'll find the default message approximately 2 pages down and it'll be using several colors, i.e. ${WHITE}, ${RED}, etc., so it might be slightly tricky to spot.
    • vi todelete/linuxrc
  7. unmount the minirt filesystem.
    • umount todelete
  8. Compress the minirt filesystem.
    • gzip -9 minirt
  9. Remove your temporary directory.
    • rmdir todelete

Lanciare KDE per cambiare Menu,Icone,ecc...

While you are in the chroot environment you can load KDE and use the configuration tools to change buttons, icons, etc. Once you are finished you can exit KDE and copy /home/knoppix to /etc/skel to keep these changes. To load KDE do the following.

  1. If you are not at runlevel 2 (i.e. if you are already in KDE), switch to runlevel 2.
    • init 2
  2. Copy /etc/skel to /home/knoppix
    • cp -Rp /etc/skel /home/knoppix
  3. Change permissions to the user 'knoppix'
    • chown knoppix:knoppix -R /home/knoppix
  4. Copy over your X11 configuration to the chroot'd environment (press ctrl+alt+F2 to switch to a non-chroot'd terminal, then ctrl+alt+F1 to switch back when done)
    • cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/X11
    • Knoppix 3.7: I think it's XF86Config-4 rather than xorg.conf.
  5. (Optional)Switch to user 'knoppix'. If you want to uninstall packages, stay as root -- e.g. skip this step. If you want to configure the buttons, icons, background, etc., that you see when KDE boots, be sure to do this step.
    • su knoppix
    1. Launch KDE
      • startx
    2. Do your KDE changes
    3. Exit KDE
    4. Exit su and switch back to user 'root'.
      • exit
  6. Copy /home/knoppix back to /etc/skel to keep the changes
    • mv /etc/skel /etc/skel-old
      
mv /home/knoppix /etc/skel
  1. Set the owner back to root
    • chown root:root -R /etc/skel
  2. Remove the xorg.conf file
    • rm /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  3. If you find that some of your settings are not persistent after booting the new image, check the initialization file at /etc/X11/Xsession.d/45xsession. By default, Knoppix does not simply copy over all files from /etc/skel. You may need to make modifications here if you wish to do something different.

canbiare la grafica el ksplash KDE

You can change the graphics that KDE shows via ksplash when it first loads. These graphics are in the /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/usr/share/apps/ksplash/Themes/Default/ directory. You'll most likely want to swap out splash_top.png for a custom 400x248 PNG graphic. Note that ksplash will not automatically put a border around your graphic. If you'd like a border, you have to manually add it to your graphic.

Lasciare l'ambiente Chroot

Se voi montate chroot, dovete smontare /proc - Molto IMPORTANTE!!!!!

umount /proc

Premere CTRL+D per rilasciare chroot.

Rientrare in modo chroot

Se hai lasciato il chroot, ma si desidera tornare indietro e modificare alcune cose...

rimontare il Vs. hard disk locale (se necessario)

mount -rw /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1

Settaggio delle variabili di ambiente per chroot

mount --bind /dev /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
mount --bind /proc /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/proc

Ora potete entrare in "chroot" nella copia di KNOPPIX:

chroot /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX

Rimasterizzare la ISO

We've finished customizing and ready to burn! First do some cleanup:

  • remove any .bash_history files, tmp files, etc.
  • back out any changes you don't want burned back to the disc
  • rm -rf /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/.rr_moved

KNOPPIX Immagine Compressa

Now we'll make the big KNOPPIX file which is an ISO 9660 filesystem compressed for use by the cloop driver:

mkisofs -R -U -V "KNOPPIX.net filesystem" -publisher "KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net" \
     -hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX 
  | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs - 65536 > /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX

the "www.knoppix.net" and "Knoppix.net filesystem" can be changed to what you want to call the file. You will get an error that it doesn't conform to ISO standards -- you can ignore this. Note that, to run create_compressed_fs, you'll need to have enough space to store the entire ISO in RAM/swap. Ensure you have at least 800M of free space before starting.

In Knoppix 3.4 the create_compressed_fs script has been updated so be sure to use it to obtain the best result. It has a new option -b (best), which enables the best compression by using different compression schemes and tries to optimize that way, but be careful, because that option is slow (10x slower).

Note: The above didn't work for me using the latest create_compressed_fs. I could create the ISO but it couldn't read the compressed image properly when booting (I/O errors when reading the cloop0 device). I think this was because create_compressed_fs didn't have enough RAM and it was just failing silently. The command below did work though. It uses a file rather than memory for temporary storage:

mkisofs -R -U -V "KNOPPIX.net filesystem" -publisher "KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net" \
    -hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX 
      | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs -B \
   65536 -f /mnt/hda1/isotemp - /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX

Live CD ISO

Bene quando avete finito, potete procedere a produrre l'immagine finale del CD-ROM:

cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master
find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -not -name isolinux.bin \
   -exec md5sum '{}' \; > KNOPPIX/md5sums

(Questo aggiona il marker MD5 calcolando l'hash dei file includi nell'ISO, usato per verificare l'integrità) ora potete masterizzare; per Knoppix <= 3.3:

mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -b KNOPPIX/boot.img -c KNOPPIX/boot.cat \
   -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master

per Knoppix >= 3.4 o altre distribuzioni isolinux:

mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
   -boot-info-table -b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat \
   -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master

(la ISO è memorizzata in /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso)

Trasferite la vostra ISO usando il vostro tool preferito, è il CD e pronto per l'uso.

Trucchi

I have had good results remastering working from the CD as root working from fluxbox. Just say "knoppix 2" at the boot prompt and it will boot you to a root prompt where you can then say "startx /usr/bin/fluxbox". I like to use the xterm unicode shell.

Gestione dei pachetti Software

While working chroot doing the remastering I like to use

apt-get remove --purge pkg-name

to remove packages because before it does anything it will stop and show details on what it is fixing to remove and let you say "yes or no".

If you don't use the above "apt-get" instructions and have a lot to cleanup and purge, here's the easy way to do it:

 COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' > topurge

That will make a list of all removed packages to purge and then you just say

dpkg -P `< topurge `

and you're all done.

COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P

is a one-line version of this. Also use

deborphan | xargs dpkg -P .

Alternativa per macchine con poca Memoria

You don't really need 1G swap as there are two new tools to create compressed filesystems. Here are some candidates to make compressed fs:

  • Valentijn's rewrite [1]
  • Quozl's port of compressloop for Knoppix 3.4 [2]
  • Quozl's distributed compressloop (use more than one processor to speed things up) [3] or [4]
  • Justin's patch [5] (link broken) I also just wrote a distributed cloop compressor(or for smp) It's in that same directory.

Test della immagine CD senza creare il supporto CD

If you have a spare partition with at least 700MB free space formatted with ext2, ext3 or Vfat, you can use this for test by booting from a floppy disk. A floppy boot will look for a partiton with /KNOPPIX/ in the root, and the compressed image /KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX. Instead of using the sub-directory /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ as described above, it should be called /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/ . The root index.html will then be located at /mnt/hda2/index.html and the compressed image will be at /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX . Now you can boot from floppy and use /mnt/hda2 as your image. For further information see Hd BasedHowTo.

If you don't have an extra partition or you don't want to do so much for it, you can use Qemu ( see [6] ) with the ISO image like this:

qemu -m 128 -cdrom /temp/knoppix-custom.iso -boot d -net user

You even do not have to build a hard disk image before, just install Qemu and try this. Amazing!

Test della versione rimasterizzata senza creare il cloop file/iso

i use a setup similar to knoppix terminal server to test the remastered files without having to recreate a cloop image every time: the remastered files live in an ext2 filesytem in a loopfile (knoppix_loop) mounted rw (this is where i chroot in). when i want to test the current setup, i have another machine network boot and use the files from the loopfile directly (needs another miniroot.gz). See User:Ml#dev_setup

If you want to use only one machine, you'll have to reboot (or use qemu) and use the "loopfile" and "fromhd" cheatcodes (see User:Ml#miniroot_changes). For example, this is what my grub boot entry looks like:

title           Remastered Knoppix
root            (hd0,0)
kernel          /boot/myknoppix/vmlinuz fromhd=/dev/hda4 loopfile=/samba/share/isos/knoppix_loop lang=us ramdisk_size=100000 init=/etc/init apm=power-off nomce vga=791 quiet BOOT_IMAGE=knoppix
initrd          /boot/myknoppix/miniroot.gz

Boot della immagine Knoppix con GRUB

  • First copy /boot off the Knoppix cd to your boot partition (or even your dos partition). I named mine boot.knoppix

Copy the master/KNOPPIX directory to your root directory of any hard disk. You may place it somewhere other than the boot partition (ext2/3, reiserfs, vfat are supported).

  • for Knoppix <= 3.3, put the following in your /boot/grub/menu.lst:
title KNOPPIX
        root   (hd0,0)
        kernel /boot.knoppix/vmlinuz 2 fromhd=/dev/hda4 lang=us
        initrd /boot.knoppix/miniroot.gz
  • for Knoppix >= 3.4 or other isolinux based distributions:
title KNOPPIX
        root   (hd0,0)
        kernel /boot.knoppix/isolinux/linux 2 fromhd=/dev/hda4 lang=us
        initrd /boot.knoppix/isolinux/minirt.gz
  • notice the fromhd parameter: it's the location of the /KNOPPIX directory
  • reboot and have fun.

Script Utili al vostro remastering


Questa e una struttura di directory raccomandata per il vostro remastering di KNOPPIX:

. (invoke ../remaster from here)
|-- master (invoke ../../umountbootimage from here)
|   |-- KNOPPIX
|   |   |-- KNOPPIX (compressed image)
|   |   |-- boot.img (boot floppy image)
|   |   `-- (other files snipped)
|   `-- index.html
`-- source
    `-- KNOPPIX (this directory can be chrooted into)
        |-- bin
        |-- boot
        |-- cdrom
        |-- dev
        |-- etc
        |-- floppy
        |-- home
        |-- initrd
        |-- lib
        |-- mnt
        |-- none
        |-- opt
        |-- proc
        |-- root
        |-- sbin
        |-- tmp -> /var/tmp
        |-- usr
        |-- var
        `-- vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-2.4.22-xfs

the following script "remaster" will do the remaster process for you. Use as root, or you will end up with wrong access rights in the image.

The script has last been tried out on Debian sid on 2004-04-02.

#!/bin/bash -x
# This script builds a new KNOPPIX ISO image.
# Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber <mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de>
# License: GPL V2

ROOT="$PWD"
SOURCE="$ROOT/source/KNOPPIX"
MASTER="$ROOT/master"
CLOOPTARGET="$ROOT/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX"
TARGET="$ROOT"
EXCLUDELIST="$ROOT/source/excludelist"

rm -rf $SOURCE/.rr_moved

cd $SOURCE
mkisofs -R -U -V "KNOPPIX.net filesystem" \
-P "KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net" \
-hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad \
-exclude-list $EXCLUDELIST \
. | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs - 65536 > $CLOOPTARGET

cd $MASTER
rm -f KNOPPIX/md5sums
find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -exec md5sum {} \; >> KNOPPIX/md5sums
mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V "KNOPPIX" -b KNOPPIX/boot.img \
-c KNOPPIX/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o $TARGET/knoppix.iso $MASTER

The following script will loop-mount boot floppy image and initrd image for modification. The umount function will build a new initrd image and put it back on the boot floppy image.

The script has last been tried out on Debian sid on 2004-01-13.

#!/bin/bash -x
# This script will loop-mount boot floppy and initrd image
# Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber <mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de>
# License: GPL V2
unset CDPATH || true

# if not root, re-invoke self as root
if  "`id -u`" -ne 0 ; then
export LOCUSER="$USER"
export LOCHOME="$HOME"
if [[ "${SHELLOPTS/xtrace/}" != "$SHELLOPTS" ]]; then
sudo bash -x $0 $@
exit $?
else
sudo $0 $@
exit $?
fi
else
LOCUSER="${LOCUSER:-$USER}"
LOCHOME="${LOCHOME:-$HOME}"
fi
set -e

KNOPPIXDIR="KNOPPIX"
BOOTIMGFILE="$KNOPPIXDIR/boot.img"
BOOTIMGFS="vfat"
BOOTIMGDIR="boot.img"
INITRDGZ="$BOOTIMGDIR/miniroot.gz"
INITRDFILE="$KNOPPIXDIR/miniroot"
INITRDFS="ext2"
INITRDDIR="miniroot"

mountbootimage() {
if ! modprobe loop; then
echo >&2 "ERR: cannot load loop module"
exit 1
fi

if !  -e "$BOOTIMGFILE" ; then
echo >&2 "ERR: no $BOOTIMGFILE found"
exit 1
fi

for nofile in $BOOTIMGDIR $INITRDGZ $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR; do
if  -e "$nofile" ; then
echo >&2 "ERR: $nofile already exists"
exit 1
fi
done

mkdir -p $BOOTIMGDIR
mount -o loop,uid=$LOCUSER -t $BOOTIMGFS $BOOTIMGFILE $BOOTIMGDIR

< $INITRDGZ gunzip > $INITRDFILE
mkdir -p $INITRDDIR
mount -o loop -t $INITRDFS $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR
}

umountbootimage() {
dd if=/dev/zero of=$INITRDDIR/nullfile || true
sync
rm $INITRDDIR/nullfile
umount $INITRDDIR
rmdir $INITRDDIR
< $INITRDFILE gzip --best > $INITRDGZ
rm -f $INITRDFILE

umount $BOOTIMGDIR
rmdir $BOOTIMGDIR

syslinux KNOPPIX/boot.img
}

case "`basename $0`" in
mountbootimage)
mountbootimage
;;
umountbootimage)
umountbootimage
;;
*)
echo >&2 "ERR: called with unknown name `basename $0`"
exit 1
;;
esac

Spunti Intorno all'uso di apt-get per installare/update/rimozione applicazioni

(by gnarvaja)

  • If you booted from CD, even on a HD install (example: Pivot Install) instead of copying the original CD and KNOPPIX directory to the HD, you can use them directly from their mount points.
  • Another alternative is to mount an ISO image of the original CD as a loop device and mount the KNOPPIX image as a cloop device. You will save close to 2GB of space. Script to mount from an ISO image:
#!/bin/bash
# Assumes that the current directory is the working space
# original.iso is an image of the CD we will be using as master
mount -t iso9660 original.iso ./oldcd -o ro,loop
# initialize the compressed loop device
losetup /dev/cloop1 ./oldcd/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cloop1 ./KNOPPIX -o ro,loop
  • Get apt-spy and use it to modify the sources.list file with the best mirrors for your particular region. This will speed up the downloading. Backup the original sources.list just in case.
  • Another technique is to modify sources.list. Replace the string .de. in the ftp addresses (ftp.de.debian.org) with the code corresponding to your country. Examples: USA -> .us. (ftp.us.debian.org), Brazil -> .br. (ftp.br.debian.org). Check the Debian site for debian.org mirrors in your country.
  • Remember to uncomment the linuxtag ftp addresses to get the latest and greatest from Knoppix
  • Use apt-get update to get the lists with the latest releases and patches. Do not update a package if you don't need to, it may lead to the use of additional disk space (precious commodity when you want to keep everything below 700MB) and you may brake something else without knowing. Abuse the -s option to simulate the installation.
  • Before doing the update, I modified my default releases to testing, that means that the software I'll be using will have a good balance of stability and features. Knoppix uses unstable by default, which is too risky for my personal taste.
  • Get [apt-get install] locale and configure it with the locales you are going to use. It will save lots of space when downloading applications with plenty of locale modules and localized manual pages.
  • I use aptitude to get/remove applications, it is character based so it works with init 2. As you mark packages for install/update/removal, it will tell you how much disk space you will save/use, try to solve depencies problems and give you plenty control to fix them manually when possible.
  • When installing applications it is likely that your /etc/rc?.d directories will have new entries, many of them unwanted or unplanned. Make sure you check them and remove the new entries based on your preferences. I usually leave /etc/rc2.d and /etc/rc5.d as close as the originals as possible and modify /etc/rc3.d and /etc/rc4.d to test new stuff. Example: You may want to have ntfs installed, but not necessarily running by default. Same with apache, mysql and many others.
  • When removing/purging applications, they may leave behind non-empty directories. Usually this is announced by aptitude, apt-get or any other installation utilty. Make sure to check the messages and manually remove those directories.
  • After you are done, aptitude may leave some files behind. Here's a clean up script I use:
# !/bin/bash
# Clean package files generated by aptitude
rm /var/log/aptitude
rm /var/lib/apt/lists/*debian*
rm /var/lib/apt/lists/*knoppix*

Problemi Comuni riscontrati

  • You've startx'd (into whatever window manager you like) and you start a terminal (gnome-terminal, konsole, xterm). Nothing happens (such is the case in fluxbox, and you'll see an error in you ~/.xsession-errors file). Or perhaps the error is helpfully displayed:
 get_pty: not enough ptys

I had plenty yesterday... but then I chrooted so, to solve this,

 # NOT in your chroot environment
 cd /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
 MAKEDEV pty
 # enter your chroot environment
 chroot /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/
 # and mount /dev/pts
 mount -t devpts /dev/pts/ /dev/pts

it might give that same "fstab not found" error as mounting proc does. so do what you'd do then, disregard.

start your X up again and try your terminal, should work. thanks to: technovelty[7] for the final enlightenment

Altre Indicazioni

If my howto is too confusing, or you'd like a second opinion, check out charan's very nice remastering howto: http://gnubox.dyndns.org:8080/~sunil/knoppix.php. Another Howto is at http://www.stirnimann.com/mystuff/doc/knoppix.txt

There is a wizard, which knows all the unpacking, compressing and CD-recording steps mentioned here. It also shows a shell where you can update the uncompressed KNOPPIX system using debian's standard software installation tools. It is called mmkcdrom and part of the plugscript package: [8]

Vedete questo HOWTO, per smanettoni delle shell, a http://quozl.linux.org.au/knoppix/

Potete dare uno sguardo a Knoppix Customization Forum per altre idee ad aiuto al vostro remastering.

Conclusioni

Questa è una versione aggiornata del mio howto precedente. Un suggerimento ai principianti del linux; Dovete conoscere bene come utilizzate i comandi del linux e apprendere delle singole funzioni l'esito dei comandi. Evitate se non avete una buona esperienza di Linux potreste fare danni alla Vs. installazione. Continueremo ad aggiornare e dattagliare la procedura in funzione anche dei vostri suggerimenti.

Ringraziamenti

Traduzione a cura di mcmax, e a knoppix per le correzioni i trucchi e le idee. Ritenetevi liberi di operare modifiche per aggiornamenti sulle procedure.

Note sullo swap:

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